.In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Summary – 2

     In the previous lesson, we have stated four elements for a summary- namely being brief, connected, precise and using one’s own words. Here we discuss some grammar relationships for connecting the sentence.

1. Co-ordinate relationship: The sentences here are of equal importance, and it is simply a relationship of addition. We use the connectives (conjunctions/connectors) like: and, as well, also, in addition to, moreover, furthermore, …. etc.

 a) I know English.  b) I know Arabic.

1. I know English and Arabic.          2. I know English as well as Arabic.

3. I know English besides Arabic.   

4.  For two separate sentences, we use (moreover, furthermore, in addition to this):

          e.g. I know English. Moreover, I know Arabic.

2. Reason/cause relationship:

    Why are you going to town ?

1. Because I want to see a friend.              2. As I want to see a friend, I’m going to town.

3. I’m going to town since I want to see a friend.   

                      (“since & as” are used in complete sentences).

4. He was rather annoyed that (because) you did not come.

3. Purpose relationship:

    Why do you go to school ?

1. Because I want to study.   (reason).

2. I go to school in order to study.         3. I go to school so as to study.

4. I go to school so that I may study.      5. I go t o school to study.

6. I go to school for studying.

5. We closed the window lest the smoke should enter the room.    (“lest” = for fear that-

      not / in order that-not).

Note: Many relationships of purpose can be expressed in cause relationship as well.

But look at the following example:

Because he got up early, he could catch the bus.

Getting up early can be the “reason” for catching the bus, but it can’t be the “purpose” of it.

4. Relationship of result:

1. She was so clever that she passed the exam.      2. I’m tall enough to reach the shelf.

 Notice the use of “enough” before the noun: We have enough water.

3. It is such an easy lesson that I can understand. 

4. They are too clever to accept the offer. (they do not accept it). 

5. They are very clever to accept it. (they accept it.).